Polygenic Risk Score for Cardiovascular Diseases in Artificial Intelligence Paradigm: A Review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) related mortality and morbidity heavily strain society. The relationship between external risk factors and our genetics have not been well established.It is widely acknowledged that environmental influence and individual behaviours play a significant role in CVD vulnerability, leading to the development of polygenic risk scores (PRS). We employed the PRISMA search method to locate pertinent research and literature to extensively review artificial intelligence (AI)-based PRS models for CVD risk prediction.Furthermore, we analyzed and compared conventional vs. AI-based solutions for PRS. We summarized the recent advances in our understanding of the use of AI-based PRS for risk prediction of CVD. Our study proposes three hypotheses: i) Multiple genetic variations and risk factors can be incorporated into AI-based PRS to improve the accuracy of CVD risk predicting. ii) AI-based PRS for CVD circumvents the drawbacks of conventional PRS calculators by incorporating a larger variety of genetic and non-genetic components, allowing for more precise and individualised risk estimations. iii) Using AI approaches, it is possible to significantly reduce the dimensionality of huge genomic datasets, resulting in more accurate and effective disease risk prediction models. Our study highlighted that the AI-PRS model outperformed traditional PRS calculators in predicting CVD risk. Furthermore, using AI-based methods to calculate PRS may increase the precision of risk predictions for CVD and have significant ramifications for individualized prevention and treatment plans.

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of intralesional bleomycin in the treatment of common warts: Results of a pilot study

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of intralesional bleomycin in the treatment of common warts in 50 (32 men, 18 women) patients aged between 14 and 80 (mean ± SD, 28.5 ± 13.27) years. Methods: The warts were present over dorsal hands, feet, palms, soles and periungual skin for 1 month to 10 years. They were infiltrated with bleomycin (1 mg/ml) till blanching. The total cumulative dose did not exceed 2 mg in one session. The treatment was repeated after paring of eschar at 2 weeks in case there was no or partial response. The patients were reviewed at 4, 12 and 24 weeks for cure, adverse effects or recurrences and outcome satisfaction levels. Results: Complete cure without recurrence occurred in 40 (80%) patients and partial response occurred in 7 (14%) patients at the end of the 24-week study period. Three patients did not complete follow-up. No major systemic or local adverse effects other than injection site pain for 2–3 days were noted. All cured patients were very satisfied (Likert scale 5). Conclusion: Intralesional bleomycin appears to be an effective and safe treatment for common warts including palmoplantar and periungual warts. It carries the advantage of low dose, no significant adverse effects and high patient satisfaction. Small number of patients, lack of a control group, comparing different bleomycin concentrations and a short follow-up are a few limitations of this study. Better designed studies are warranted for this useful treatment modality.

Analysis Of The Fusion Of Hyoid Bone In Different Age-groups

Background: The greater cornua of the hyoid bone fuse with the body at a certain age. The fusion of hyoid bonecan be of considerable help in estimating the age of unknown dead bodies.Aim of study: To analyze the fusion of hyoid bone in different age-groups.Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 50 cases. Hyoid bone was removed with extreme caution so as thebone does not break and be confused with fracture of hyoid bone. The structure of the bone and fusion of greatercornua to body of hyoid were studied. A master chart was prepared to store the data. The samples were placed incategories of five year age intervals.Results: A total of 30 males and 20 females comprised the study group. Maximum male and female cases were inthe age group 40-45 years. Unilateral fusion was observed in 23 cases; bilateral fusion was observed in 19cases; and non-fusion in 8 cases.Conclusion: From the results of present study, we conclude that non-fusion of greater cornua with body of hyoidbone is obsereved in cases of young age. Also, unialteral fusion and bilateral fusion is more commonly seen inthe age group 40-45 years age group.

Surgical Management of Extra-Oral Mandibular Cutaneously Pus Draining Sinus Tract in a 13-years Old Girl - A Case Report.

Odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract is a rare but well-documented condition. A common manifestation of pulp necrosis is draining sinus tract or fistula, which could be intra-oral or extra-oral. The microbiologically induced inflammation spreads along the path of least resistance by penetrating the alveolar bone. Ultimately, to form a path of drainage, the inflammatory process can reach the surrounding tissues. These conditions are often misdiagnosed as other non-pulp pathologies. So misdiagnosed as a local skin lesion and maltreated by systemic antibiotics, we came across a 13-year-old girl patient who presented with a cutaneous lesion of dental etiology in the sub-mental region with frequent purulent discharge which was not responding to systemic antibiotics. The management of this condition using endodontic therapy of the involved tooth followed by surgical excision of sinus tract so as to minimize the residual scar formation are presented here.

Scleral abscess following posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection for diabetic macular edema

A 65-year-old male with uncontrolled diabetes, received posterior subtenon triamcinolone [PST] injection in the right eye for diabetic macular edema. Two days following PST, he developed scleral abscess at the injection site. The Gram stain showed Gram positive cocci in clusters. He responded favorably with systemic control of diabetes, topical concentrated cefazolin, concentrated tobramycin, and intravenous antibiotics. Possibility of infective complications should be considered when using periocular steroids, especially in diabetics. Strict control of diabetes and aggressive systemic antibiotics favor rapid healing in such cases

comparison of impact strength of reattached incisor tooth fragments using different restorative materials: an in vitro study

Study was done to evaluate and compare the impact strength of reattached fractured incisor tooth using five different adhesive materials 1] Composite 2] Giomer 3] Dual Cure Resin Cement 4] Resin Modified GIC 5] Compomer

Ninety sound freshly extracted human permanent incisors were selected according to the inclusion criteria. 15 teeth were taken as a control [Group I] and remaining 75 teeth were divided equally and randomly into five Groups; Group II - Composite, Group III - Giomer, Group IV- Dual Cure Resin Cement, Group V - Resin Modified GIC, Group VI - Compomer based upon the materials to be used for reattachment. The specimen teeth in the experimental groups were fractured by Custom-made vice. The fractured fragments were reattached using their respective adhesive materials. Then the impact resistance was recorded in an impact testing machine and data was analyzed

On comparing the mean impact strength by using One Way ANOVA and Unpaired 't' test it was observed that statistically highly significant difference was present when comparison was made between mean impact strength of intact teeth and reattached fractured teeth

Statistically highly significant difference was obtained on comparing impact strength of intact tooth with reattached tooth using adhesive materials. So, no material studied was able to attain the impact strength of intact tooth. However, when materials were compared, decreasing order of their impact strength was Compomer > Composite > Dual Cure Resin Cement > Giomer > Resin Modified GIC

Evaluation of antifungal activity in essential oil of the Syzygium aromaticum (L) by extraction, purification and analysis of its main component eugenol

Antifungal properties of some essential oils have been well documented. Clove oil is reported to have strong antifungal activity against many fungal species. In this study we have evaluated antifungal potential of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) against some common fungal pathogens of plants and animals namely, Fusarium moniliforme NCIM 1100, Fusarium oxysporum MTCC 284, Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum gypseum. All fungal species were found to be inhibited by the oil when tested through agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for all the species. Column chromatography was performed to separate the eugenol rich fraction from clove oil. Out of seven fractions maximum activity was obtained in column fraction II. TLC and HPLC data confirmed presence of considerable Eugenol in fraction II and clove oil. Microscopic study on effect of clove oil and column fraction II on spores of Mucor sp. and M. gypseum showed distortion and shrinkage while it was absent in other column fractions. So it can be concluded that the antifungal action of clove oil is due to its high eugenol content.

Cutaneous sporotrichosis of face: polymorphism and reactivation after intralesional triamcinolone.

Cutaneous sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycotic infection is caused by the saprophytic, dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. It commonly presents as lymphocutaneous or fixed cutaneous lesions involving the upper extremities with facial lesions being seen more often in children. The lesions are polymorphic. The therapeutic response to saturated solution of potassium iodide is almost diagnostic. We describe a culture-proven case of cutaneous sporotrichosis of the face mimicking lupus vulgaris initially and basal cell carcinoma later, who did not tolerate potassium iodide and failed to respond to treatment with fluconazole. The patient had reactivation of infection following an infiltration of the scar with triamcinolone acetonide injection. Various other aspects of these unusual phenomena are also discussed.

Studies on animal schistosomes in Peninsular Malaysia: record of naturally infected animals and additional hosts of Schistosoma spindale.

Surveillance studies on cercarial dermatitis were carried out in paddy growing areas in Peninsular Malaysia. It was observed that dermatitis in paddy planters occurred in paddy fields which were cultivated using animals such as bafflos or fields where domestic animals were allowed to graze during the off planting season as these animals harbored the parasite. The causative agent of cercarial dermatitis was Schistosoma spindale. A total of 215 small mammals trapped from Alor Setar and 126 trapped from Labu were examined for the schistosome. In Alor Setar Bandicota indica, Rattus argentiventer and Rattus rattus diardii were the only wild mammals found to be infected with the parasite, while in the Labu areas only Rattus tiomanicus jalorensis was positive for the schistosome. The occurrence of S. spindale in R. argentiventer and R.r. diardii in Alor Setar and in R.t. jalorensis in Labu constitute new host and geographic distribution records of the schistosome.